{"title":"Roth or Traditional 401(k)? The Answer by State, and What Retiring to a No-Tax State Changes (2026)","unit":"USD","taxYear":2026,"generator":"scripts/gen_roth_vs_traditional_401k_study.mjs","engine":{"federal":"2.5.1","state":"1.21.2"},"license":"CC0-1.0","contribution":10000,"age_2026":55,"withdrawal_age":75,"withdrawal_year":2046,"no_tax_state":"FL","households":[{"id":"T1","label":"Single, $60,000","filing":"single","contributing_earner_wages":60000,"spouse_wages":0,"retirement_income_2026_dollars":{"socialSecurity":26000,"iraDistributions":15000}},{"id":"T2","label":"Single, $100,000","filing":"single","contributing_earner_wages":100000,"spouse_wages":0,"retirement_income_2026_dollars":{"socialSecurity":32000,"iraDistributions":35000}},{"id":"T3","label":"Single, $160,000","filing":"single","contributing_earner_wages":160000,"spouse_wages":0,"retirement_income_2026_dollars":{"socialSecurity":40000,"iraDistributions":70000}},{"id":"T4","label":"Couple, $90,000 + $60,000","filing":"mfj","contributing_earner_wages":90000,"spouse_wages":60000,"retirement_income_2026_dollars":{"socialSecurity":55000,"iraDistributions":50000}},{"id":"T5","label":"Couple, $150,000 + $100,000","filing":"mfj","contributing_earner_wages":150000,"spouse_wages":100000,"retirement_income_2026_dollars":{"socialSecurity":70000,"iraDistributions":110000}},{"id":"T6","label":"Couple, $70,000, one earner","filing":"mfj","contributing_earner_wages":70000,"spouse_wages":0,"retirement_income_2026_dollars":{"socialSecurity":38000,"iraDistributions":20000}}],"notes":"Saved now = 2026 tax (Roth: wages at full pay) - 2026 tax (traditional: wages - contribution). Later = tax on the same amount withdrawn from an IRA at 75, federal projection with cpiFactor 1, state on 2026 law. Advantage = (federal + state saved now) - (federal + state later); positive favours traditional. Pennsylvania excluded.","tables":{"federal":{"columns":["household","filing_status","wages","spouse_wages","withdrawal_year","federal_tax_saved_now_traditional","federal_rate_now","federal_tax_later_on_same_dollars","federal_rate_later","federal_traditional_advantage"],"rows":[["T1","single",60000,0,2046,1200,0.12,1522,0.1522,-322],["T2","single",100000,0,2046,2200,0.22,2555,0.2555,-355],["T3","single",160000,0,2046,2400,0.24,2200,0.22,200],["T4","mfj",90000,60000,2046,2200,0.22,2220,0.222,-20],["T5","mfj",150000,100000,2046,2328,0.2328,2200,0.22,128],["T6","mfj",70000,0,2046,1200,0.12,475,0.0475,725]]},"state":{"columns":["household","state","state_tax_saved_now_traditional","state_tax_later_on_same_dollars","advantage_stay","advantage_work_here_retire_in_florida","advantage_work_in_florida_retire_here"],"rows":[["T1","AK",0,0,-322,-322,-322],["T1","AL",440,423.9,-305.9,118,-745.9],["T1","AR",370,156.05,-108.05,48,-478.05],["T1","AZ",250,20,-92,-72,-342],["T1","CA",600,0,278,278,-322],["T1","CO",440,0,118,118,-322],["T1","CT",517.5,0,195.5,195.5,-322],["T1","DC",625,78,225,303,-400],["T1","DE",555,0,233,233,-322],["T1","FL",0,0,-322,-322,-322],["T1","GA",499,0,177,177,-322],["T1","HI",732,239.19,170.81,410,-561.19],["T1","IA",380,0,58,58,-322],["T1","ID",530,10,198,208,-332],["T1","IL",495,0,173,173,-322],["T1","IN",470,470,-322,148,-792],["T1","KS",558,520,-284,236,-842],["T1","KY",350,0,28,28,-322],["T1","LA",300,0,-22,-22,-322],["T1","MA",500,500,-322,178,-822],["T1","MD",787,312,153,465,-634],["T1","ME",675,0,353,353,-322],["T1","MI",425,0,103,103,-322],["T1","MN",680,411.95,-53.95,358,-733.95],["T1","MO",479.51,0,157.51,157.51,-322],["T1","MS",400,0,78,78,-322],["T1","MT",470,138.18,9.82,148,-460.18],["T1","NC",399,399,-322,77,-721],["T1","ND",0,0,-322,-322,-322],["T1","NE",455,275.55,-142.55,133,-597.55],["T1","NH",0,0,-322,-322,-322],["T1","NJ",553,0,231,231,-322],["T1","NM",470,107.62,40.38,148,-429.62],["T1","NV",0,0,-322,-322,-322],["T1","NY",540,0,218,218,-322],["T1","OH",275,0,-47,-47,-322],["T1","OK",450,129.5,-1.5,128,-451.5],["T1","OR",771.86,731.62,-281.76,449.86,-1053.62],["T1","RI",375,320.63,-267.62,53,-642.62],["T1","SC",661,0,339,339,-322],["T1","SD",0,0,-322,-322,-322],["T1","TN",0,0,-322,-322,-322],["T1","TX",0,0,-322,-322,-322],["T1","UT",575,208.15,44.85,253,-530.15],["T1","VA",575,50.4,202.6,253,-372.4],["T1","VT",335,335,-322,13,-657],["T1","WA",0,0,-322,-322,-322],["T1","WI",493,0,171,171,-322],["T1","WV",422,546.06,-446.06,100,-868.06],["T1","WY",0,0,-322,-322,-322],["T2","AK",0,0,-355,-355,-355],["T2","AL",390,388.5,-353.5,35,-743.5],["T2","AR",647,425,-133,292,-780],["T2","AZ",250,250,-355,-105,-605],["T2","CA",930,400,175,575,-755],["T2","CO",440,662.2,-577.2,85,-1017.2],["T2","CT",600,0,245,245,-355],["T2","DC",850,600,-105,495,-955],["T2","DE",660,513.13,-208.12,305,-868.12],["T2","FL",0,0,-355,-355,-355],["T2","GA",499,0,144,144,-355],["T2","HI",760,680,-275,405,-1035],["T2","IA",380,0,25,25,-355],["T2","ID",530,530,-355,175,-885],["T2","IL",495,0,140,140,-355],["T2","IN",470,470,-355,115,-825],["T2","KS",558,551.86,-348.86,203,-906.86],["T2","KY",350,328.55,-333.55,-5,-683.55],["T2","LA",300,300,-355,-55,-655],["T2","MA",500,500,-355,145,-855],["T2","MD",787,787,-355,432,-1142],["T2","ME",715,239.31,120.69,360,-594.31],["T2","MI",425,0,70,70,-355],["T2","MN",680,535,-210,325,-890],["T2","MO",454.49,451.99,-352.5,99.49,-806.99],["T2","MS",400,0,45,45,-355],["T2","MT",565,857.75,-647.75,210,-1212.75],["T2","NC",399,399,-355,44,-754],["T2","ND",195,0,-160,-160,-355],["T2","NE",455,448.13,-348.13,100,-803.13],["T2","NH",0,0,-355,-355,-355],["T2","NJ",637,0,282,282,-355],["T2","NM",490,430,-295,135,-785],["T2","NV",0,0,-355,-355,-355],["T2","NY",590,480.4,-245.4,235,-835.4],["T2","OH",275,281.88,-361.87,-80,-636.87],["T2","OK",450,450,-355,95,-805],["T2","OR",875,651.44,-131.44,520,-1006.44],["T2","RI",390,375,-340,35,-730],["T2","SC",591,298.1,-62.1,236,-653.1],["T2","SD",0,0,-355,-355,-355],["T2","TN",0,0,-355,-355,-355],["T2","TX",0,0,-355,-355,-355],["T2","UT",484.05,1137.25,-1008.2,129.05,-1492.25],["T2","VA",575,541.4,-321.4,220,-896.4],["T2","VT",660,1471.95,-1166.95,305,-1826.95],["T2","WA",0,0,-355,-355,-355],["T2","WI",594,216.85,22.15,239,-571.85],["T2","WV",458,347.8,-244.8,103,-702.8],["T2","WY",0,0,-355,-355,-355],["T3","AK",0,0,200,200,200],["T3","AL",380,390,190,580,-190],["T3","AR",370,370,200,570,-170],["T3","AZ",250,265,185,450,-65],["T3","CA",930,800,330,1130,-600],["T3","CO",440,466.4,173.6,640,-266.4],["T3","CT",625,600,225,825,-400],["T3","DC",850,689,361,1050,-489],["T3","DE",660,573.38,286.63,860,-373.37],["T3","FL",0,0,200,200,200],["T3","GA",499,0,699,699,200],["T3","HI",790,760,230,990,-560],["T3","IA",380,0,580,580,200],["T3","ID",530,561.8,168.2,730,-361.8],["T3","IL",495,0,695,695,200],["T3","IN",470,470,200,670,-270],["T3","KS",558,558,200,758,-358],["T3","KY",350,350,200,550,-150],["T3","LA",300,300,200,500,-100],["T3","MA",500,500,200,700,-300],["T3","MD"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