{
  "version": "2026.1",
  "generated_at": "2026-09-08",
  "generated_by": "scripts/gen_inherited_ira_study.mjs",
  "study": "inherited-ira-10-year-rule-spread-vs-lump-2026",
  "url": "https://quantcalc.app/research/inherited-ira-10-year-rule-spread-vs-lump-2026/",
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "method": {
    "engine": "frontend/js/calc/federal-tax-2026.js (ordinaryTax, bracketAt, marginalRateAt, additionalAgedDeduction, seniorDeduction), irmaa.js (annualSurcharge), rmd.js (reducedSingleLifeFactor), constants-2026.js",
    "rule": "SECURE Act 10-year rule for a designated beneficiary who is not an eligible designated beneficiary; owner died on or after the required beginning date, so an annual RMD (Single Life Table, reduce-by-one, greater of beneficiary and decedent life expectancy) applies in years 1-9 per T.D. 10001 (2024-07-18); the pre-RBD variant (no annual RMD) is carried as the year10 strategy.",
    "filing": "single",
    "tax_year_held_constant": 2026,
    "standard_deduction": 16100,
    "state_tax": "none",
    "timing": "withdrawal at the start of each year; the remaining balance then grows for the year",
    "horizon_years": 10,
    "growth_rates": [
      0.05,
      0.03
    ],
    "discount_rate": 0.03,
    "tax_definition": "federal tax with the withdrawal minus federal tax without it, same year, same filer",
    "decedent_age_at_death": 80,
    "beneficiary_cases": [
      {
        "key": "main",
        "age_year1": 50,
        "note": "beneficiary 50 in year 1 (no Medicare in the window)"
      },
      {
        "key": "irmaa",
        "age_year1": 64,
        "note": "beneficiary 64 in year 1 (on Medicare from year 2; every withdrawal year is an IRMAA lookback year)"
      }
    ],
    "strategies": [
      {
        "key": "lump",
        "label": "Lump sum in year 1"
      },
      {
        "key": "fraction",
        "label": "1/10, then 1/9 of what is left, … (rises with growth)"
      },
      {
        "key": "level",
        "label": "Level draw (same dollars every year)"
      },
      {
        "key": "fill",
        "label": "Fill the current bracket each year, rest in year 10"
      },
      {
        "key": "backload",
        "label": "Back-loaded: annual RMD years 1–9, rest in year 10"
      },
      {
        "key": "year10",
        "label": "Nothing until year 10 (pre-RBD death: no annual RMD)"
      }
    ],
    "note": "Illustrative growth rates, not forecasts. Nominal dollars; PV columns discount after-tax receipts to year 1."
  },
  "reference": {
    "single_life_divisor_year1": {
      "50": 36.2,
      "64": 23.7
    },
    "bracket_room_taxable": {
      "80000": {
        "room": 41799.999999999985,
        "rate": 0.22,
        "top": 105700,
        "base": 63900
      },
      "160000": {
        "room": 57874.999999999985,
        "rate": 0.24,
        "top": 201775,
        "base": 143900
      }
    },
    "irmaa_tier1_single": {
      "magi_floor": 109000,
      "annual_surcharge": 1148.4
    }
  },
  "cells": [
    {
      "case": "main",
      "growth_rate": 0.05,
      "beneficiary_age_year1": 50,
      "inherited_balance": 300000,
      "other_ordinary_income": 80000,
      "strategy": "lump",
      "total_withdrawn": 300000,
      "growth_credited_inside_ira": 0,
      "federal_tax_on_ira_dollars": 87364.25,
      "tax_share_of_inheritance": 0.29121416666666666,
      "effective_rate_on_dollars_withdrawn": 0.29121416666666666,
      "highest_bracket_rate_reached": 0.35,
      "after_tax_nominal": 212635.75,
      "after_tax_pv_3pct": 212635.75,
      "after_tax_pv_at_growth_rate": 212635.75,
      "irmaa_surcharge_total": 0,
      "irmaa_premium_years_surcharged": 0,
      "irmaa_pv_3pct": 0,
      "after_tax_pv_3pct_net_of_irmaa": 212635.75,
      "years": [
        {
          "year": 1,
          "age": 50,
          "opening_balance": 300000,
          "rmd_floor": 8287.29,
          "withdrawal": 300000,
          "growth_credited": 0,
          "closing_balance": 0,
          "magi": 380000,
          "taxable_income": 363900,
          "federal_tax": 96134.25,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 87364.25,
          "after_tax": 212635.75,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.35,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 3,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 2,
          "age": 51,
          "opening_balance": 0,
          "rmd_floor": 0,
          "withdrawal": 0,
          "growth_credited": 0,
          "closing_balance": 0,
          "magi": 80000,
          "taxable_income": 63900,
          "federal_tax": 8770,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 0,
          "after_tax": 0,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": null,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 4,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 3,
          "age": 52,
          "opening_balance": 0,
          "rmd_floor": 0,
          "withdrawal": 0,
          "growth_credited": 0,
          "closing_balance": 0,
          "magi": 80000,
          "taxable_income": 63900,
          "federal_tax": 8770,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 0,
          "after_tax": 0,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": null,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 5,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 4,
          "age": 53,
          "opening_balance": 0,
          "rmd_floor": 0,
          "withdrawal": 0,
          "growth_credited": 0,
          "closing_balance": 0,
          "magi": 80000,
          "taxable_income": 63900,
          "federal_tax": 8770,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 0,
          "after_tax": 0,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": null,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 6,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 5,
          "age": 54,
          "opening_balance": 0,
          "rmd_floor": 0,
          "withdrawal": 0,
          "growth_credited": 0,
          "closing_balance": 0,
          "magi": 80000,
          "taxable_income": 63900,
          "federal_tax": 8770,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 0,
          "after_tax": 0,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": null,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 7,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 6,
          "age": 55,
          "opening_balance": 0,
          "rmd_floor": 0,
          "withdrawal": 0,
          "growth_credited": 0,
          "closing_balance": 0,
          "magi": 80000,
          "taxable_income": 63900,
          "federal_tax": 8770,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 0,
          "after_tax": 0,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": null,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 8,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 7,
          "age": 56,
          "opening_balance": 0,
          "rmd_floor": 0,
          "withdrawal": 0,
          "growth_credited": 0,
          "closing_balance": 0,
          "magi": 80000,
          "taxable_income": 63900,
          "federal_tax": 8770,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 0,
          "after_tax": 0,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": null,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 9,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 8,
          "age": 57,
          "opening_balance": 0,
          "rmd_floor": 0,
          "withdrawal": 0,
          "growth_credited": 0,
          "closing_balance": 0,
          "magi": 80000,
          "taxable_income": 63900,
          "federal_tax": 8770,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 0,
          "after_tax": 0,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": null,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 10,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 9,
          "age": 58,
          "opening_balance": 0,
          "rmd_floor": 0,
          "withdrawal": 0,
          "growth_credited": 0,
          "closing_balance": 0,
          "magi": 80000,
          "taxable_income": 63900,
          "federal_tax": 8770,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 0,
          "after_tax": 0,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": null,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 11,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 10,
          "age": 59,
          "opening_balance": 0,
          "rmd_floor": 0,
          "withdrawal": 0,
          "growth_credited": 0,
          "closing_balance": 0,
          "magi": 80000,
          "taxable_income": 63900,
          "federal_tax": 8770,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 0,
          "after_tax": 0,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": null,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 12,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "case": "main",
      "growth_rate": 0.05,
      "beneficiary_age_year1": 50,
      "inherited_balance": 300000,
      "other_ordinary_income": 80000,
      "strategy": "fraction",
      "total_withdrawn": 377336.78,
      "growth_credited_inside_ira": 77336.78,
      "federal_tax_on_ira_dollars": 83167.62,
      "tax_share_of_inheritance": 0.2772254039469218,
      "effective_rate_on_dollars_withdrawn": 0.22040687910427056,
      "highest_bracket_rate_reached": 0.24,
      "after_tax_nominal": 294169.15,
      "after_tax_pv_3pct": 255422.94,
      "after_tax_pv_at_growth_rate": 233898.86,
      "irmaa_surcharge_total": 0,
      "irmaa_premium_years_surcharged": 0,
      "irmaa_pv_3pct": 0,
      "after_tax_pv_3pct_net_of_irmaa": 255422.94,
      "years": [
        {
          "year": 1,
          "age": 50,
          "opening_balance": 300000,
          "rmd_floor": 8287.29,
          "withdrawal": 30000,
          "growth_credited": 13500,
          "closing_balance": 283500,
          "magi": 110000,
          "taxable_income": 93900,
          "federal_tax": 15370,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 6600,
          "after_tax": 23400,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.22,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 3,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 2,
          "age": 51,
          "opening_balance": 283500,
          "rmd_floor": 8053.98,
          "withdrawal": 31500,
          "growth_credited": 12600,
          "closing_balance": 264600,
          "magi": 111500,
          "taxable_income": 95400,
          "federal_tax": 15700,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 6930,
          "after_tax": 24570,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.22,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 4,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 3,
          "age": 52,
          "opening_balance": 264600,
          "rmd_floor": 7736.84,
          "withdrawal": 33075,
          "growth_credited": 11576.25,
          "closing_balance": 243101.25,
          "magi": 113075,
          "taxable_income": 96975,
          "federal_tax": 16046.5,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 7276.5,
          "after_tax": 25798.5,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.22,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 5,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 4,
          "age": 53,
          "opening_balance": 243101.25,
          "rmd_floor": 7322.33,
          "withdrawal": 34728.75,
          "growth_credited": 10418.63,
          "closing_balance": 218791.13,
          "magi": 114728.75,
          "taxable_income": 98628.75,
          "federal_tax": 16410.33,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 7640.33,
          "after_tax": 27088.43,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.22,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 6,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 5,
          "age": 54,
          "opening_balance": 218791.13,
          "rmd_floor": 6794.76,
          "withdrawal": 36465.19,
          "growth_credited": 9116.3,
          "closing_balance": 191442.23,
          "magi": 116465.19,
          "taxable_income": 100365.19,
          "federal_tax": 16792.34,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 8022.34,
          "after_tax": 28442.85,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.22,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 7,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 6,
          "age": 55,
          "opening_balance": 191442.23,
          "rmd_floor": 6135.97,
          "withdrawal": 38288.45,
          "growth_credited": 7657.69,
          "closing_balance": 160811.48,
          "magi": 118288.45,
          "taxable_income": 102188.45,
          "federal_tax": 17193.46,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 8423.46,
          "after_tax": 29864.99,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.22,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 8,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 7,
          "age": 56,
          "opening_balance": 160811.48,
          "rmd_floor": 5324.88,
          "withdrawal": 40202.87,
          "growth_credited": 6030.43,
          "closing_balance": 126639.04,
          "magi": 120202.87,
          "taxable_income": 104102.87,
          "federal_tax": 17614.63,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 8844.63,
          "after_tax": 31358.24,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.22,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 9,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 8,
          "age": 57,
          "opening_balance": 126639.04,
          "rmd_floor": 4336.95,
          "withdrawal": 42213.01,
          "growth_credited": 4221.3,
          "closing_balance": 88647.33,
          "magi": 122213.01,
          "taxable_income": 106113.01,
          "federal_tax": 18065.12,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 9295.12,
          "after_tax": 32917.89,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.24,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 10,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 9,
          "age": 58,
          "opening_balance": 88647.33,
          "rmd_floor": 3143.52,
          "withdrawal": 44323.66,
          "growth_credited": 2216.18,
          "closing_balance": 46539.85,
          "magi": 124323.66,
          "taxable_income": 108223.66,
          "federal_tax": 18571.68,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 9801.68,
          "after_tax": 34521.98,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.24,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 11,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 10,
          "age": 59,
          "opening_balance": 46539.85,
          "rmd_floor": 0,
          "withdrawal": 46539.85,
          "growth_credited": 0,
          "closing_balance": 0,
          "magi": 126539.85,
          "taxable_income": 110439.85,
          "federal_tax": 19103.56,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 10333.56,
          "after_tax": 36206.28,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.24,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 12,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "case": "main",
      "growth_rate": 0.05,
      "beneficiary_age_year1": 50,
      "inherited_balance": 300000,
      "other_ordinary_income": 80000,
      "strategy": "level",
      "total_withdrawn": 370013.07,
      "growth_credited_inside_ira": 70013.07,
      "federal_tax_on_ira_dollars": 81402.88,
      "tax_share_of_inheritance": 0.27134291897524265,
      "effective_rate_on_dollars_withdrawn": 0.21999999999999997,
      "highest_bracket_rate_reached": 0.22,
      "after_tax_nominal": 288610.2,
      "after_tax_pv_3pct": 253576.06,
      "after_tax_pv_at_growth_rate": 234000,
      "irmaa_surcharge_total": 0,
      "irmaa_premium_years_surcharged": 0,
      "irmaa_pv_3pct": 0,
      "after_tax_pv_3pct_net_of_irmaa": 253576.06,
      "years": [
        {
          "year": 1,
          "age": 50,
          "opening_balance": 300000,
          "rmd_floor": 8287.29,
          "withdrawal": 37001.31,
          "growth_credited": 13149.93,
          "closing_balance": 276148.63,
          "magi": 117001.31,
          "taxable_income": 100901.31,
          "federal_tax": 16910.29,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 8140.29,
          "after_tax": 28861.02,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.22,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 3,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 2,
          "age": 51,
          "opening_balance": 276148.63,
          "rmd_floor": 7845.13,
          "withdrawal": 37001.31,
          "growth_credited": 11957.37,
          "closing_balance": 251104.69,
          "magi": 117001.31,
          "taxable_income": 100901.31,
          "federal_tax": 16910.29,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 8140.29,
          "after_tax": 28861.02,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.22,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 4,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 3,
          "age": 52,
          "opening_balance": 251104.69,
          "rmd_floor": 7342.24,
          "withdrawal": 37001.31,
          "growth_credited": 10705.17,
          "closing_balance": 224808.55,
          "magi": 117001.31,
          "taxable_income": 100901.31,
          "federal_tax": 16910.29,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 8140.29,
          "after_tax": 28861.02,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.22,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 5,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 4,
          "age": 53,
          "opening_balance": 224808.55,
          "rmd_floor": 6771.34,
          "withdrawal": 37001.31,
          "growth_credited": 9390.36,
          "closing_balance": 197197.6,
          "magi": 117001.31,
          "taxable_income": 100901.31,
          "federal_tax": 16910.29,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 8140.29,
          "after_tax": 28861.02,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.22,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 6,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 5,
          "age": 54,
          "opening_balance": 197197.6,
          "rmd_floor": 6124.15,
          "withdrawal": 37001.31,
          "growth_credited": 8009.81,
          "closing_balance": 168206.11,
          "magi": 117001.31,
          "taxable_income": 100901.31,
          "federal_tax": 16910.29,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 8140.29,
          "after_tax": 28861.02,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.22,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 7,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 6,
          "age": 55,
          "opening_balance": 168206.11,
          "rmd_floor": 5391.22,
          "withdrawal": 37001.31,
          "growth_credited": 6560.24,
          "closing_balance": 137765.04,
          "magi": 117001.31,
          "taxable_income": 100901.31,
          "federal_tax": 16910.29,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 8140.29,
          "after_tax": 28861.02,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.22,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 8,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 7,
          "age": 56,
          "opening_balance": 137765.04,
          "rmd_floor": 4561.76,
          "withdrawal": 37001.31,
          "growth_credited": 5038.19,
          "closing_balance": 105801.92,
          "magi": 117001.31,
          "taxable_income": 100901.31,
          "federal_tax": 16910.29,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 8140.29,
          "after_tax": 28861.02,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.22,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 9,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 8,
          "age": 57,
          "opening_balance": 105801.92,
          "rmd_floor": 3623.35,
          "withdrawal": 37001.31,
          "growth_credited": 3440.03,
          "closing_balance": 72240.65,
          "magi": 117001.31,
          "taxable_income": 100901.31,
          "federal_tax": 16910.29,
          "federal_tax_without_withdrawal": 8770,
          "tax_on_ira_dollars": 8140.29,
          "after_tax": 28861.02,
          "rate_on_last_dollar": 0.22,
          "irmaa_premium_year": 10,
          "irmaa_surcharge": 0
        },
        {
          "year": 9,
          "age": 58,
          "opening_balance": 72240.65,
          "rmd_floor": 2561.73,
          "withdrawal": 37001.31,
          "growth_credited": 1761.97,
          "closing_balance": 37001.31,
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