Missouri state income tax: engine rules, 2026

How the tax is computed

Every step the engine takes for Missouri, in the order it takes them. Steps marked with a filing status or household type apply only there. Each step links the section below that carries Missouri's figures and the official sources for it; the calculation order page describes every step for all jurisdictions.

What each filing status gets, read back from the engine for a household with $1 of income (so below every phase-out and income test):

1. Per-person mode joint returns with the spouse's age given On a joint return with the spouse's age given, every age test the state applies per taxpayer is evaluated for each spouse at their own age. Without it one household age applies to both.
   engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Engine convention, no external source: The engine cannot know the second spouse's age unless told.
2. Rate schedule and standard deduction by filing status Single uses the single schedule and deduction; married filing jointly the joint ones. Head of household and married filing separately follow the two steps below.
   Missouri's values · engine step (select_brackets). Sources (Rate schedule): 2026 Missouri Withholding Tax Formula (checked 2026-09-27); RSMo 143.011 Resident individuals - tax rates (checked 2026-09-27)
3. Married filing separately Where the state publishes its own separate schedule, that one (with half the joint deduction unless a separate deduction is set). Where one schedule applies to every status, that schedule unscaled with the single deduction. Otherwise the joint schedule with every threshold and the deduction halved (computed as the joint tax on twice the income, halved).
   Missouri's values · engine step (select_brackets). Sources (Rate schedule): 2026 Missouri Withholding Tax Formula (checked 2026-09-27); RSMo 143.011 Resident individuals - tax rates (checked 2026-09-27)
4. Head of household The state's head-of-household schedule where it has one, else the single schedule; the head-of-household deduction where set, else the single deduction.
   Missouri's values · engine step (select_brackets). Sources (Rate schedule): 2026 Missouri Withholding Tax Formula (checked 2026-09-27); RSMo 143.011 Resident individuals - tax rates (checked 2026-09-27)
5. The income total every income test uses Other ordinary income + retirement distributions (before any exclusion) + conversion + federally taxable Social Security + long-term gains. It stands in for federal adjusted gross income in every threshold, cliff and phase-out below; state subtractions do not reduce it.
   engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Engine convention, no external source: The inputs are the federal AGI components, so their sum is federal AGI for these income types.
6. Short-term gains exempt Short-term gain (a part of other ordinary income) leaves the base; it stays in the income total above.
   Missouri's values · engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Sources (Capital gains): RSMo 143.121 Missouri adjusted gross income (checked 2026-09-27); 2025 Individual Income Tax Year Changes (checked 2026-09-27)
7. Attributing income to each spouse joint returns with each spouse's own amounts given With a caller's split (the API's spouse object), each spouse's own distributions, pension, public pension, conversion, wages and military pay; spouse 2's shares are clamped into the household totals and spouse 1 gets the rest. Without a split, in per-person mode, every item is divided 50/50. Social Security, other ordinary income and gains are always divided 50/50 where a rule needs a per-person amount. The split is used only where a state's rule is per taxpayer; household totals stay authoritative for the base and the income tests.
   engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Engine convention, no external source: Equal attribution is the neutral split when the owner of a dollar is not known.
8. Keeping the per-spouse shares inside the household joint returns with each spouse's own amounts given After the public-pension and employer-pension carve-outs, if the two spouses' remaining shares add up to more than the household's exclusion-eligible distributions (an inconsistent split), spouse 1's share is reduced so they do not.
   engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Engine convention, no external source: Input normalisation.
9. Military retirement pay The state's military rule runs first, on military pay alone, per taxpayer: each spouse's own pay at their own age when attributed, otherwise half each at the household age on a joint return. Exempt dollars leave the base; the rest become pension dollars for the general retirement rules.
   Missouri's values · engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Sources (Military retirement pay): MO 1040 Instructions 2025 (checked 2026-09-27); Military Reference Guide (checked 2026-09-27)
10. One taxpayer's military exemption Exempt: all of it (below the age split, up to the younger cap). Capped: up to the cap for the age tier, plus the earned-income bonus below the age split when the taxpayer's own wages exceed the threshold, less the taxpayer's own Social Security where the rule says so. Percentage: the percentage (below the age split, up to the younger cap). Then the income limit: above it the exemption is lost, or phased out over the range where one is set.
    Missouri's values · engine step (military_exempt_one). Sources (Military retirement pay): MO 1040 Instructions 2025 (checked 2026-09-27); Military Reference Guide (checked 2026-09-27)
11. Public pension exemption Public-pension dollars leave the base, uncapped or up to the per-taxpayer cap (each spouse's own public pension against their own cap when attributed), without using up the general exclusion the remaining distributions may claim. Capped-out public dollars stay taxable and cannot draw the private exclusion.
    Missouri's values · engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Sources (Public pensions): RSMo 143.124 Public and private pensions exemption (checked 2026-09-27); Pension FAQs (checked 2026-09-27)
12. Public pension exemption reduced by the Social Security exemption From age 62 the capped public-pension exemption is reduced by the federally taxable Social Security (per spouse, half each, in per-person mode).
    Missouri's values · engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Sources (Public pensions): RSMo 143.124 Public and private pensions exemption (checked 2026-09-27); Pension FAQs (checked 2026-09-27)
13. Social Security exempt None of the federally taxable benefit enters the base.
    Missouri's values · engine step (ss_amount_in_state_base). Sources (Social Security): RSMo 143.125 Social Security benefits and disability benefits exemption (checked 2026-09-27); Pension FAQs (checked 2026-09-27)
14. Retirement exclusion per spouse (both ages known) joint returns with the spouse's age given Full-exclusion states exclude each qualifying spouse's own dollars. Capped states give each spouse the single cap for their own age against their own eligible dollars (pension dollars only where the exclusion is pension-only; employer dollars only below the IRA age), less their military exclusion and half of any Social Security offset. Per-return states (and the pooled-if-both-qualify rule when both qualify) apply the joint cap to the couple's pooled eligible dollars when either spouse qualifies. The income tests then apply once to the summed deduction.
    Missouri's values · engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Sources (IRA, 401(k) and private pensions): RSMo 143.124 Public and private pensions exemption (checked 2026-09-27); 2025 Form MO-A Individual Income Tax Adjustments (checked 2026-09-27); Pension FAQs (checked 2026-09-27)
15. Retirement exclusion (household) The distributions eligible for the exclusion go through the exclusion below. Taxable public-pension dollars left by a cap are not eligible; below the IRA age only employer-plan dollars are.
    Missouri's values · engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Sources (IRA, 401(k) and private pensions): RSMo 143.124 Public and private pensions exemption (checked 2026-09-27); 2025 Form MO-A Individual Income Tax Adjustments (checked 2026-09-27); Pension FAQs (checked 2026-09-27)
16. Retirement exclusion per spouse (declared split) joint returns with each spouse's own amounts given With a spouse split in a per-taxpayer state, each spouse's own eligible dollars draw that spouse's single cap (less their military exclusion); an income limit then applies once to the sum.
    Missouri's values · engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Sources (IRA, 401(k) and private pensions): RSMo 143.124 Public and private pensions exemption (checked 2026-09-27); 2025 Form MO-A Individual Income Tax Adjustments (checked 2026-09-27); Pension FAQs (checked 2026-09-27)
17. Conversion taxed or exempt In full-exclusion states a conversion is exempt at the qualifying age (at any age where the state says so). Elsewhere, unless pooled above, it is ordinary income taxed in full.
    Missouri's values · engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Sources (Roth conversions): RSMo 143.121 Missouri adjusted gross income (checked 2026-09-27); RSMo 143.124 Public and private pensions exemption (checked 2026-09-27)
18. Income limit on the exclusion When the income total (Social Security left out where the state says so) exceeds the limit, the exclusion is lost (a cliff), reduced dollar for dollar after the cap (subtractive), or phased out in proportion over the range.
    Missouri's values · engine step (retirement_distributions_in_state_base). Sources (IRA, 401(k) and private pensions): RSMo 143.124 Public and private pensions exemption (checked 2026-09-27); 2025 Form MO-A Individual Income Tax Adjustments (checked 2026-09-27); Pension FAQs (checked 2026-09-27)
19. Cap by age tier The full cap at or above the exclusion age, the lower cap at or above the partial age, otherwise none. Joint returns use the joint cap; every other status the single cap.
    Missouri's values · engine step (retirement_distributions_in_state_base). Sources (IRA, 401(k) and private pensions): RSMo 143.124 Public and private pensions exemption (checked 2026-09-27); 2025 Form MO-A Individual Income Tax Adjustments (checked 2026-09-27); Pension FAQs (checked 2026-09-27)
20. The capped deduction Deduction = the smaller of the eligible distributions and the cap, then reduced by the income limit above; the rest of the distributions stays in the base.
    Missouri's values · engine step (retirement_distributions_in_state_base). Sources (IRA, 401(k) and private pensions): RSMo 143.124 Public and private pensions exemption (checked 2026-09-27); 2025 Form MO-A Individual Income Tax Adjustments (checked 2026-09-27); Pension FAQs (checked 2026-09-27)
21. One taxpayer's cap joint returns with the spouse's age given For per-spouse calculations, each spouse's cap is the single-column cap for their age tier.
    Missouri's values · engine step (per_taxpayer_cap_single). Sources (IRA, 401(k) and private pensions): RSMo 143.124 Public and private pensions exemption (checked 2026-09-27); 2025 Form MO-A Individual Income Tax Adjustments (checked 2026-09-27); Pension FAQs (checked 2026-09-27)
22. Long-term gains in the base Where gains are taxed as ordinary income: net long-term gain less the flat exclusion (never below zero), times the inclusion share. Elsewhere none enters.
    Missouri's values · engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Sources (Capital gains): RSMo 143.121 Missouri adjusted gross income (checked 2026-09-27); 2025 Individual Income Tax Year Changes (checked 2026-09-27)
23. Additional standard deduction at 65 The unmarried amount for a single or head-of-household filer 65 or older, the married amount for each spouse 65 or older, added to the standard deduction before any phase-out.
    Missouri's values · engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Sources (Deductions, exemptions and credits): RSMo 143.131 Missouri standard deduction, when used, amount (checked 2026-09-27); 2026 Missouri Withholding Tax Formula (checked 2026-09-27); 2025 Form MO-1040 Instructions (checked 2026-09-27); Rev. Proc. 2025-32 (2026 inflation adjustments) (checked 2026-09-27)
24. State taxable income Other ordinary income + Social Security, retirement income, conversion and gains left in the base − standard deduction − personal exemption − age subtractions.
    engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Engine convention, no external source: The order of subtraction follows the state forms; each amount is sourced at its own step.
25. No tax at or below zero State taxable income at or below zero returns a tax of 0 (credits are not refundable and nothing below applies).
    engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Engine convention, no external source: Every credit the engine carries is nonrefundable, so nothing below can make a zero tax negative; each credit is sourced at its own step.
26. Separate-return scaling married filing separately For the halved-joint rule, taxable income is doubled before the schedule and the result halved.
    Missouri's values · engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Sources (Rate schedule): 2026 Missouri Withholding Tax Formula (checked 2026-09-27); RSMo 143.011 Resident individuals - tax rates (checked 2026-09-27)
27. The rate schedule Each bracket's rate on the part of taxable income inside it, summed. No rounding: the result is carried in full precision.
    Missouri's values · engine step (apply_state_brackets). Sources (Rate schedule): 2026 Missouri Withholding Tax Formula (checked 2026-09-27); RSMo 143.011 Resident individuals - tax rates (checked 2026-09-27)
28. Credits cannot make the tax negative The credits are subtracted and the result floored at zero.
    engine step (compute_state_tax_detail). Engine convention, no external source: Every credit the engine carries is nonrefundable; each credit is sourced at its own step.

Worked examples

Computed by the engine for the fixed households below (the same ones for every state, so states compare directly). Federal tax is not supplied, so a federal-tax deduction is not taken; the income tests use the sum of the components as income.

Line by line

The intermediate lines the engine records while it computes each example (its detail record, printed as it comes out; lines that are zero are left out). The engine's documentation build checks that the lines add up to the taxable income and the tax, for every state, filing status and a grid of households. Each line links the engine step that produces it.

What the engine does not calculate, and known approximations

• The income tests use an income total that includes capital gains; Missouri adjusted gross income now excludes them.
• A Roth conversion does not draw the $6,000 private-pension exemption (the conservative reading of an unsettled question).

What the engine does not calculate for any state (itemized deductions, credits beyond those listed, part-year residents, dependents, blindness and disability, and more) is listed on the calculation order page.

Verification

Worksheet-tested Golden and unit tests follow Form MO-A Part 3 Sections A, B and C line by line, including the per-spouse columns.

• Golden scenarios (hand-computed expected tax, asserted to within $1): MO01, MO02, MO-public-pension-capped, MORAMP1, MOSS1, MOPUBSS1, MOPUBSS2, MOSP1, MOSP2.
• State-specific unit tests: test_mo_capital_gains_exempt, test_mo_pension_phaseout, test_mfs_one_schedule_states, test_mo_public_pension_capped, test_mo_private_worksheet_mechanics, test_mo_public_pension_ss_offset, test_mo_per_spouse_sections_a_b, test_mo_incoherent_split_regression, test_legacy_request_equals_v2, test_equal_ages_split_matches_legacy_split, test_mo_ss_offset_per_spouse, test_hoh_federal_deduction_states, test_mo_aged_additional_deduction.
• Structural tests covering every state: 3.
• State forms and worksheets followed in the test derivations: Form MO-A Part 3, Sections A, B and C.